Turned out it was SELinux who made things bit wired. I don't know why it ran from a XFS volume but after setting:
sudo setsebool -P selinuxuser_execmod 1
Proton operated as expected from a BtrFS volume, created a new prefix and installed all dependencies correctly.
Nothing extracted yet.
Proton Version: 7.0-4
Games: Statisfactory, Age of Mythology
If Proton is installed on a BtrFS subvolume, in my case my entire /home/user/ is a BtrFS subvolume, it seems to be unable to create valid wineprefixes sometimes.
Moving Proton to a separate XFS partition allows it to operate as expected.
Steps to reproduce:
Proton Log of Satisfactory with Proton on BtrFS volume: Gist-File

Furthermore this does not affect all games as this seems to be related to some Visual C++ runtime installation failures as Satisfactory is complaining about a missing C++ runtime if launched with Proton installed on the BtrFS volume.
This dialogue does not appear with Proton installed on a XFS volume.
Age of Mythology: Extended Edition Proton Log
Additional system informations: