After trying multiple Nvidia driver versions, downgrading from -proposed repository and lots of other suff I found why it happened and how to fix it.
In case anyone reading this, my motherboard is MSI X99A SLI Krait Edition. The reason of this issue was enabling Above 4G Decoding option in UEFI\Settings\Advanced\PCI Subsystem Settings. I've disabled it and everything works fine.
Nothing extracted yet.
Your system information
Please describe your issue in as much detail as possible:
My issue is that Steam window and any game running is transparent (yeah, window is kind of working).
I'm using GTX 1070 with Nvidia 378.09. This very setup works fine on GTX 780M on my laptop. 1.5 months ago it definitely worked fine, but something happened while I was using laptop instead of desktop.
I've reverted to stock mesa and xorg (I was using git versions of them), but it didn't change anything. I've also tried older driver (375) - didn't help either.
I've also tried to run a game (Star Conflict) without Steam, but with it's libraries, game has the same issue.
My WM is Compiz, but session is custom. Tried budgie-wm (based on Mutter) and openbox - no difference.
Steps for reproducing this issue: